本文介绍了工蜂的形态图，通过显微镜对工蜂各个角度进行了拍摄研究，每个图片就是一个拍摄方位，图片下面有相应的说明。
WORKERWINGSURFACE,VENTRALVIEW
TOPLEFTVentralwingsurfaceinthemidwingareashowingthecompleterankof21hooksengagingtheposteriormarginalfoldoftheforewing.Setaldistributionpatternsareevident,andafewsetaearisefromthewingveins.(x70)
BOTTOMVentralsurfaceoftheforewings(upperandhindwings(lower)hookedasinflight.Theforewingposteriormarginfoldorcurlisespeciallydistinct(x170)
TOPRIGHT.Setaefromtheventralsurfaceoftheforewing.Inthisandthemiddlerightmicrograph,thewingsurfaceisslightlywrinkled,whichmaybedueinparttodryingafterdeath.(x330)
MIDDLERIGHTHighermagnificationoftheinterveinsetaefromtheventralsurfaceofthehindwing.(x330)
WORKERWINGHOOKS
TOPLEFT.Surveyofaposteriorsectionoftheforewing(foreground)inproximitytothecorrespondinganteriormargin(radiusandmediaveins)ofthehindwingwiththehooks(hamuli)thatconnectbothwingsinflight.Microtrichiaandsmallpegorganscovertheanteriormarginsoftheworkerhindwing(whileonlymicrotrichiaarenotedinqueens;seePlate1.23)andontheopposingportionoftheforewing.(x77)
MIDDLELEFT.Highermagnificationofthehindwinghookswithnearbyshortpegorgans.Hooksarisefromasocket;eachhookisbenttwice,atthemidpointandatthetip.(x600)
TOPRIGHT.Close-upofthreepegorgans.Eachsockethasalimitedamountoffreespacethatmightpermitsomemovementofthepeg.(x5,400)
BOTTOM.Hind-winghookarticulatingwiththethickenedposteriormarginoftheforewing.Thusconnected,thetwowingsfunctionessentiallyasone,whichprovidesalargerglidingsurface.Theforewingisdrivenwhilethehindwingpassivelytrailsinflight.Thewingbeatfrequencyisapproximately235to250persecond.(x2,660)
WORKERFORELEG
MIDDLELEFT.Photomontageoftheentireleg.Thedeeplynotchedantennacleanerisattheproximalendofthebasitarsus.Astressreceptor(thesubgenualorgan)ontheinteriorofthetibiadetectssubstratevibration(sound).Thearrowindicatesanareafurthermagnifiedinthetoprightmicrograph.(x31)
TOPLEFTArticulationbetweentibiaandfemurThewrinkled,flexibleintersegmentalmembranehassmallcuticularspines.(x200)
BOTTOMHighermagnificationofthetibia-basitarsusantennacleaner(comb).Thedeepnotchisontheproximalendofthebasitarsus,overwhichliesthefibula,athumblikespurthatextendsfromthedistalportionofthetibia.Theantennaisplacedinthenotchanddrawnpastthefinecombandfibula.Allcasteshaveanantennacleaner.(x144)
TOPRIGHTFivetarsalsegments(arrowincenterleftmicrograph).Eachofthefourmostproximaltarsomeresisconnectedviamonocondylicarticulations.Theirconcertedmovementiseffectedbytheshorteningofatendonthattraversestheentirelengthofthesesegments.(x105)
MIDDLERIGHTClawsandthefleshylobe(arolium)lyingbetweentheclaws.Eachclawhastwoprincipalpoints,oneshortandratherrounded,theotherelongateandsharper.Severallongandslenderhairsareoneachclaw.(x180)
WORKERANTENNACLEANER
TOPLEFTTibia-basitarsusjoint.Thetangentialviewofthebulbousfibula(bilobedspur)fromthetibiapositionedovertheantennacleanernotchonthebasitarsusisparticularlyusefulbecauseitgivesanotherdimensiontothevitalgroomingapparatus(previously,thefibulawasdescribedasalarge,flattenedspur).(x140)
TOPRIGHTTibia-basitarsusjointinprofile.Theextentofoverlapbe-tweenthefibulaandthesemicircularnotchonthebasitarsusshowsthattheantennawouldbealmostcompletelysurroundedbytheantennacleanerwhenthebasitarsusisfullyflexed.(x86)
BOTTOMLEFT."Fan"oftheseventyspinelikehairsofthetarsalcomb.Thesehairsareresponsibleforcleaningtheoutersurfaceoftheantenna.(x260)
BOTTOMRIGHTTarsalhairs.Thepectinatequalityofthetarsalhairsisevidenthere.Ridgesorcorrugationsonthemedialexpanseofeachhair,atrightanglestothelongaxisofthehair,giveadditionalcleaningcapacityandtractiontotheantennacleaner.(x1,560)
WORKERFOOT
BOTTOMLEFTLasttarsomereandpretarsus.Clawsareoneithersideofthewrinkledarolium.Abovethearoliumistheheavilybristledplanta;abovetheplantaistheunguitractor,whichiswithoutsetabuthasrowsoflow-lyingcuticularscales.Thisstructuremayfunctionliketheheelofahand,providinganOpposingsurfacefortheclaw.(x1,50)
BOTTOMRIGHTFrontalviewofthemedialsurfaceofthefoot.Thebilobedcharacteroftheunguitractorisbetterseeninthisview,aswellasthedeeppitorfossa(arrow)atthebaseofthesubordinateclaw.(x210)
TOPHighermagnificationoftheplantaandunguitractor.(x540)
WORKERMIDDLELEG
TOPRIGHTLateralviewofthemesothoracic(middle)lea.Thefemuristotherightofthetibia,whichbears[liebasitarsus.Aprominenttibialspineispresentatthetibia-basitarsusJoint.(x40)
BOTTOMRIGHTClose-upofthetibia-basitarsusjointofthemiddleleg,thetibialspine,andtheso-called(butinappropriatelynamed)waxspur(seePlate2.38).Thesetalcharacterchangesabruptlyfromtibiatobasi--tarsus.(x78)
BOTTOMLEFTFemur-tibiaarticulation,lateralview.(x93)
TOPLEFT.Medialviewofthefemur-tibiajointshowingtheflexible,nonsclerotized,intersegmentalmembraneconnectingthetwolimbs.Manysmallsetaestudthismembrane.(x182)
WORKERHINDLEG
BOTTOMRIGHT.Photomontageofthehind(metathoracic)leg,lateralview.Theascendingfemur(ontheright)articulateswiththedescendingtibia,thebaseofwhichisthebasitarsus.Thepollenbasketiscomprisedofthecurvedhairssurroundingtheglabrouscentralareaofthetibia.(x31)
TOPRIGHTMedialsurfaceofthelegshowingthefemur(right)andtibia(x31)
TOPLEFT.Highermagnificationofthefemur-tibiajoint(the"knee")anditsconnectiveorintersegmentalmembrane(seethetoprightmicrograph).(x150)
MIDDLELEFTArticulationbetweenthetibiaandbasitarsusshowingthepollenpress.Therakelikegroupofhairs(rastellum)projectsdownwardfromthelobecalledtheauricle.Thearrowindicatesanareafurthermagnifiedinthebottomleftmicrograph.(x95)
BOTTOMLEFT.Highermagnificationofthehairslocatedattheproximalapexofthebasitarsus(arrowinmiddleleftmicrograph).Thesemaybemechanoreceptors(externalproprioceptors);ifso,whentherastellumcontactsthebasitarsusthenervesinthesehairswouldinformthecentralnervoussystemoftheattitudeofthebasitarsusrelativetothatofthetibiaandwhetheranypollenwasbeingpressed(collapsedpollengrainsarevisibleatthebaseofthehairs).(x530)
WORKERPOLLENBASKET
RIGHTPhotomontage(acontinuationfromPlate2.27)showing,fromtoptobottom,thelateralsurfaceofthetibia,thebasitarsus,andtheremainingtarsomeres.Thehairarrangementonthetibiaisthebasisofthepollenbasket.Theauricle(ridge)anditshairfringeattheJunctionofthetibiaandbasitarsusarehighlighted.(x42)
TOPLEFTHighermagnificationoftheauriclewithitsfringeofhairs.Loomingabovethesehairsistherankofspinesoftherastellum("littlerake").(x62)
MIDDLELEFTClose-upofaportion(Sixspines)oftherastellumsituatedatthejointbetweentibiaandbasitarsus(proximalview).(x186)
BOTTOMLEFT.Distaltibia.Finesetaeextendalongtheauricularridgeimmediatelyabovetherastellum.Polygonalscalesareevidentonthisridge.(x670)
WORKERPOLLENPRESS
RIGHTPhotomontageofthemetathoracic(hind)leganditsmedialsurface.Fromtoptobottomarethetibia,basitarsus,andfourshorttarsalsegments.Betweenthetibiaandbasitarsusistheflattened,notchedpollenpress.Theranksofhairsactascombsforgroomingandpollengathering.Whenthebasitarsalcombsareloadedtocapacitywithpollen,therastellum(rake)isusedtounloadthecombbyscrapingitintothepresswherethepolleniscompressedandtransferredtothetibialbasketsontheoutsidesurfaceabovethepollenpress.Hence,pollengroomedfromtherightsideofthebodyiscombedfromtheinnersurfacesofthemiddleandforelegsbythelefthindleg,fromwhichitisremovedbytherightrastelhunfordepositioninthepollenbasketofthesameleg.Theoppositesequenceisusedfortheleftside.(x47)
MIDDLELEFTMediolateralview,ofthepollenpress.Thefloorofthepressisedgedwithfinehairs,anditssurfaceiscoveredwithdenticlelikecuticularspinesorscales.Long,curvedhairsfromthetibiabenddownandlieoverthepressandapicketofshorter,stiffspines(rastellum)linesthedorsomedialmarginofthepress.Smallmechanoreceptorhairsarevisibleattheleadingedgeofthespatulatehairs(upperleft).(x100)
TOPLEFTHairsonthemedialsurfaceofthetibia.Theflattened-tipspatulatecharacterofthesehairscontrastsmarkedlywiththebasitarsalhairs,whichhaveserratededgesandafairlysharptip.Thespecializedhairsofthetibiamayhaveanimportantfunctionintheprocessofgatheringandpackingpollen(seePlate2.31).(x560)
BOTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationofthesharpcuticularspines(spicules)thatlinethefloorofthepollenpressandthefinerhairsthatformafringearoundthepress.(x400)
WORKERHINDTIBIA,MEDIALSURFACE
TOPLEFT.Low-magnificationviewofthespatulatehairsontheinsideofthetibia.(x560)
TOPRIGHT.Highermagnificationoftibialhairs.Theflutedandcurvaceouscharacterofthetibialhairsisevident.(x1,705)
BOTTOMLEFT.Highermagnificationoftibialhairsshowingtheirbroad,flattenedtips.(x1,800)
BOTTOMRIGHT.Overviewoftibialhairsonthehindleg.Theseparticularhairspossessageometrythatseemsidealforholdingorcradlingsmallobjectssuchasthepollengrainvisiblehere.Theflutedsidesofthehairaddsurfaceareatoenableabettergriponapollengrain.Thebroadtipmaybeusefulincombingpollenfromwingsurfaces.(x750)
WORKERABDOMEN
Lateralviewoftheworkergaster(abdomen).
WORKERABDOMINALSPIRACLE
TOPRIGHTSpiracularaperture(arrow),visibledirectlybelowtheoriginofthehindwingposteriormargin.Therathertriangularlateralpleuritetotheleftofthespiracleisthesupraepisternumofthemetathorax.(x43)
TOPLEFTClose-upofthespiracularapertureandtheinnerlongitudinalridgethatispartoftheclosingvalve.Acuticularrimcirclesthis,thelargestofallworkerspiracles.(x350)
BOTTOMRIGHTSecondabdominalspiracle(arrow)Themesothoracicandthenmetathoraciccoxaearevisible(bottomleft).(x43)
BOTTOMLEFTSecondabdominalspiracleshowingitsoverallexternalshapeandcuticularrim.(x350)
WORKERPETIOLE,DORSALVIEW
TOPSurveyofthedorsalviewofthepetiole.Attheverytopisthebroadposteriorexpanseofthepropodeum.Mostofthefigureisfilledwiththeanteriorfaceofthesecondabdominaltergum.Thepetiolepocketisvisiblehereasasmall,cuticular,semicircularwellthatconnectstoamembranouspetiole.(x153)
MIDDLEHighermagnificationoftheelevatedcupolalikeareaoverthepetiolepocket.Thesparseandregularorientationofthecuticulartuberclesinthismembranousareaisalsovisible.(x680)
BOTTOMRIGHTAnotherviewofthedorsalpetioleshowingtheposteriorlydirectedmembranethatextendsoverthepropodealcavity(x250)
BOTTOMLEFTLateralhairplateofthepetiole.Stimulationofthesemechanoreceptorhairsdeterminesthedegreeofgravitationaltorsionofthegaster(abdomen)ontothepetiole-thoraxarea.Aboutthreedozenlargehairsandabouttwentyveryshorthairsmakeupthishairplate.Itisnotknownifallofthesesocketedhairsareinnervated.(x435)
WORKERPETIOLE,VENTRALVIEW
TOPTwohairplates,oneoneachsideofthepetiolarjoint.(x153)
BOTTOMRIGHT.Petiolarhairplate.Whenthesecondabdominalsternuminmoves,certainmechanosensoryhairsonthisplatearecontacted(andthusstimulated).Theseexternalproprioceptorsmonitorthemovementandpositionofthemajorpartoftheabdomenrelativetotheorientationofthethorax.(x208)
BOTTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationoftherightpetiolarhairplates.Aboutfiftymovable(inapreferreddirection)mechanosensoryhairsreportthegravitationalpulloftheabdomenonthethorax.(x420)
WORKERA13DOMINALWALL
TOPPhotomontageofthefourthtergite(left)followedbythethreeterminaltergites(fifth,sixth,andseventh).Theseoverlieandcompletelyconcealthecorrespondingpleuralelementssothattherelatedsternites(bottom)apparentlymakecontactwiththetergites.Beneaththeanteriorpositionofsternitesfourtosevenarethewaxglands.Thespiraclesonthelasttwotergitesarebarelyvisible(arrows)(x31)
BOTTOMLEFTBranchedhairsfromthethirdabdominalsternite.Someofthesehairsareattachedtoglandcellswhosefunctioninworkersisunknown(seethediscussionofPlate1.41,bottomleftmicrograph).(x170)
BOTTOMRIGHT.Close-upofthecuticular11scale"andsetae(severalforms)fromtheabdominalsclerites.(x1,116)
WORKERABDOMINALSPIRACLES
TOPLEFTPhotomontageoftheabdomenshowingthesecondandthirdabdominalspiracles(arrows).(x31)
TOPRIGHTHighermagnificationofthethirdabdominalspiracle.Cuticularhairs(twoarevisible)arenotalwayspresent.Nocuticularrimisevident.(x384)
BOTTOMLEFT.Highermagnificationoftheslitlikesecondabdominalspiracle.Notethelongitudinallydisposedvalveextendingparallelwiththeelongatesidesofthespiracle.Apatchofveryshortsetaeisvisibleontherightrimofthespiracle(x1,118)
BOTTOMRIGHT.Close-upofthesculptured(shingled)appearanceofthecuticleneartheabdominalspiracles.(x1,023)
WORKERABDOMEN,VENTRALVIEW
TOPAbdominalsternites,ventralview.Theglabroussurfacesarethewax"mirrors,"orplates.Beneaththeseplatesarethewaxglands.Waxper-meatesthemirrorsandhardensintothevisiblewaxscalesfromwhichthehoneybeesconstructcomb.Therastellum(seePlate2.29),notthewaxspur,onthehindlegisusedtoremovethesescaleswhenfullyformed(rastellarmarksarevisibleonthemedialedgesofthescales).(x60)
BOTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationofthelowerleftquadrantofthetopmicrographshowingthemedialmarginofthewaxmirrorandtheadjacentwaxscale.(x136)
BOTTOMRIGHTFullyformedwaxscale.(x60)
WORKERNASSANovGLAND
BOTTOMLEFT.Hairysixthandthepartlyhairlessseventhabdominaltergites.Theglandularareabehindtheridgeisnotexposed.Thisviewcomplementstheoneinthetopleftmicrograph,showingtheentireexpanseofthistergite.(x56)
TOPLEFT.Lateralviewofthelast(seventh)abdominaltergum(dorsalisleft).Thesmoothhairlessareaisdernarkedbythestrongsubmarginalinnerridge;abovethatisamarginofelevationonthetergum.Atthebaseofthistergum,betweenterga.sixandsevenisthescentglandofNassanov.(x65)
BOTTOMRIGHT.Poresintheseventhtergite,fromwhichissuestheorientation(aggregation)pheromoneproducedbytheNassanovgland.(x1,240)
MIDDLERIGHT.Highermagnificationoftheporesinthebottomrightmicrograph.(x10,000)
TOPRIGHT.Close-upofthebaseoftheseventhtergum,whichisoverlappedbythesixthtergite.(x484)
WORKERSTING
BOTTOMRIGHTExposedstingapparatus,ventralview.Thebaseofthelancetsextendsupwardintotherightandleftcuticulararcs(eachmadeupofthefirstandsecondrami).Attheirbaseandextendinglaterallyanddownistheoblongplate.Onthelateralmarginoftheplateisthequadrateplate,ashieldlikevestigeoftheninthtergite.Thetwolobesofthestingsheathangletowardthedistallancets.(x45)
MIDDLE.Distaltipofthesting.Theserratedlancetisnexttotheprotrudingstylet.Notreadilyvisiblebutpresentarecampaniformsensillaassoclatedwitheachbarb(seealsoPlate1.43,queensting).(x540)
TOPPhotomontageofthesting,dorsalview.Visiblearethefirstandsecondramionthemedialandlateralsidesrespectivelyofthedoublearchedextensionofthetriangularplate.Thisproximalpartofthestingconnectsthelancetsandstylettothestingprotractormuscles.Ahairylobeembracesthebaseofthelancets;thisstructureisbelievedtobetheventralwallofabdominalsegmentnine.(x55)
BOTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationofabarbonalancet,aboutmidwaydowntheshaftofthelancet.(x3,600)
WORKERSTING,RETRACTED
TOPRIGHTStingapparatus,ventralview.Pairedoblongplatesstraddlethelancets(exposedbydissection).Onthedorsomedialsurfaceofeachoblongplateisacleft(arrow).(x91)
TOPLEFT.Highermagnificationofthecleftinthetoprightmicrograph.Thebackgroundhairsarefromamembranethoughttobetheunsclerotizedremainsoftheventralwallofsegmentnine.(x868)
BOTTOMRIGHTHighermagnificationofthebaseofthelancetsinthetoprightmicrograph.Twoflangelikemedialpartsoftheoblongplatescoverpartofthelancetbase.Hairsofthelobeoftheninthsegmentarevisible(lowerright).(x650)
BOTTOMLEFT.Twolancetswithbarbededgesoverlyingthemoreextendedstylet.(x360)
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