雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

湖北天马养蜂场2011-08-01 11:30:21蜜蜂外部形态11102

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEWING,VENTRALSURFACE

BOTTOMLEFT.Hindwing,ventralview,atlowmagnification.Severalveinsintersectinthisfield.(x90)

TOPLEFTVentralview,nearthetipofhindwing.Exceedinglysmall,cuticularspinesrandomlyariseinthisarea.Somescatteredpitsarealsovisible.(x420)

TOPRIGHT.Forewingtip,ventralview.Numerousscatteredsmall,bluntcuticularspinesarefoundonthissurface.Thepitsrepresentthebasesoftheshortcounterpartspinesarisingonthereversesurfaceofthiswing.(x130)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Highermagnificationoftheventralforewinginthetoprightmicrograph.Thespinedensityis1/900microm^2.(x750)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEWINGHOOKS

BOTTOMLEFT.LeadingedgeofthehindwingThehooksengagetheposteriormarginoftheforewingonlyduringflight,whentheforewingandhindwingbeatasone.Microtrichiaareabundantoverthewingsurface.(x136)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Non-hook-bearingportionofthehindwinginthebottomleftmicrograph.Socketedhairs,bothlongandveryshort,projectfromthisvein.(x800)

TOPRIGHT.Photorriontageoftheventralforewinghindmargin,aroundwhichthehooksengage,andthehookedleadingedgeofthehindwing.(x110)

TOPLEFT.Close-upofthewinghooks.Thesearesomewhatlargerthanthoseoftheworker.Socketedsmallpegorgansareabundantonthesurfaceengagedbythetrailingedgeoftheforewing.(x720)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEFORELEG

MIDDLE.Photomontageoftheentireleftforeleg.Proximallytodistally,afterthecoxa(firstlegsegmentfromthebody)arethetrochanter,femur,tibia,basitarsus(withantennacleanernotch),threeshorttarsalsegments,pretarsus,andclaws.(x31)

TOP.Prothorax,ventralview.Twoscaledcoxae(medioanteriorsurfaces)abutoneithersidetoasmooth-surfacedbasisternum.Mechanoreceptorhairplatesofthecoxaeengagethelateralbasisternum(arrows).(x168)

BOTTOMLEFTLateraledgeofthecoxaextendingdiagonallythroughthecenterofthefield.Amechanoreceptorhairplateonthelateroanteriorsurfaceengagestheadjacentsternum.(x93)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEFORELEG,CLOSE-UP

TOPLEFT.Tibia-basitarsusjoint,theregionoftheantennacleaningapparatus(comb).Thefibula(upperright)isaclasplikespurthatclosesoverthesemicirculartoothednotch(rimmedwithcomblikehairs).Theantennaisinsertedinthisenclosureanddrawnupwardtocleandebrisfromitscuticularreceptors.Thefibulafitsintotheproximalportionofthebasitarsustoformanembracearoundallantennasurfaces.(x161)

TOPRIGHT.Dorsalviewofthefibulashowingthenotchoftheantennacleaner.Fromthisangleitisapparentthatthefibulaiscontouredintoseverallobestomakebettercontactwiththecircular(incrosssection)antenna.(x195)

MIDDLERIGHTHighermagnificationofthetibia-basitarsusjoint.Apatchofunusualcuticularsetaeisonthetibia(seethetoprightmicrograph).Thesesetaehavetwistedblunttipswithseveralparallelridgesalongthelongaxisofthehair.(x496)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Femur-tibiajoint.Theintersegmentalmembraneisstuddedwithshort,acutecuticularspines.(x770)

BOTTOMLEFTFemur-tibiajoint.Thetibiaisveryflexedrelativetothefemur.Thelong,straight,unbranchedhairsofthecompoundeyeareinthefarbackground.(x280)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEFOREFOOTANDHINDFOOT

TOPLEFT.Surveyofthehindfoot.Theclawsaresimple,unlobed,hollowhooksfringedwith(probablysensory)hairs.(x100)

TOPRIGHT.Arolium(fromthehindfoot)showingitshirsutemedialsurfaceandglabrous,groovedexterior(comparewithPlate1.34,thequeenforefootandhindfoot).Threelongspineshangdownfromthemedianscleriteabove.(x400)

MIDDLE.Highermagnificationofthehairsliningthemedialsurfaceofthearolium.(x4,250)

BOTTOM.Forefoot(prothoracicfoot).Intheforegroundisthemediansclerite,fromwhichextendfourstout,slightlycurvedspines.Thebasalportionsoftherightandleftclawsareoneithersideofthemediansclerite.Theventrodistalmarginofthefifthtarsalsegmentarisesovertheclawbasesandmediansclerite.Leftandrightsensoryhairplatesareevidentabovetheclaws;whentheclawsareraisedtheycontacttheseputativemechanoreceptorstoinformthedronewhetheritsclawsareextendedorflexed.(x510)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEMIDDLELEG

TOP.Photomontageoftheleftmiddle(mesothoracic)leg.Thecoxaisobscuredbut,proximallytodistally,thetrochanter,femurtibia(withspineorwaxspurpointeddownward),basitarsusandthreeadditionaltarsomeres,andthepretarsuswithclawsarevisible.(x31)

BOTTOMRIGHT.tibia-basitarsusJoint.Thisisamonocondylic(singlepoint)articulation.Therelativelylargesizeandstoutnessofthetibialspineareevident.(x93)

BOTTOMLEFT.Tibia-basitarsusJoint.Thisviewandmagnificationmakeapparentthedifferencesinthecuticularsurfacesbetweenthescaleliketibialbase,thepebble-grainedtibialspine,andthesmoothheadofthebasitarsus.Thetwoformsofsetae(branchedandsimpletrichoid)onthetibiaarevisibleatthisarticulation,aswellasthescalesonthemtersegmentalmembraneatthisJoint.(x355)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONELEGBASES

TOPRIGHT.Basesofthemiddle(mesothoracic)andhind(metathoracic)legs(theabdomenistotheleft).Intheforeground,proximallytodistally,arethecoxa,trochanter,andasmallportionofthefemurofthehindleg.Thearrowindicatesthetrochanter-coxaJoint,whichisfurthermagnifiedinthebottomrightmicrograph.(x60)

TOPLEFT.Scale-studdedintersegmentalmembrane(center)coveringthearticulationbetweenthehindcoxaandtrochanter.Theproximalsurfaceofthetrochanterhasabouttwodozenshort,sharp,socketedhairsthatmaybemechanoreceptorsthatcontactthecoxaInthecourseoflocomotionandinformthenervoussystemastolegposition.(x240)

BOTTOM.Trochanter-coxajoint(arrowintoprightmicropraph(x298)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEHINDLEG

TOP.Photomontageshowingentirelefthind(metathoracic)legandthecoxa,trochanter,andfemuroftheadjacentleg.Atthedistalextremityofthecompletelyexposedlegarethetwoclawsofthepretarsalsegment,followedproximallybyfourtarsalsubsegments,themostproximalofwhichconnectstotheelongateflattenedbasitarsus.Thebasitarsusarticulateswiththetibia.Thefemur,trochanter,andcoxaareinadistaltoproximalsuccession.Nopollengatheringortransfermodificationssuchasonthesesegmentsin'theworkerarepresentonthedronehindleg.ComparewithPlates2.28,2.29,2.30,and2.31.(x3l)

MIDDLELEFT.Lateralviewofthemetathoracicpretarsus(distaledgeatthetop).Thesetaearerelativelysparseandextremelyshort.(x37)

BOTTOMLEFT.Medialsurfaceofthemetathoracicpretarsus(distaledgeatthetop).Thissideischaracterizedbyadensepileofratherlongsetae.(x34)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEHINDFOOT

BOTTOM.Pretarsusandfifthtarsalsegment.Theclawsgapewidelytobetterrevealthesoft,pursedmediallobe(arolium).Fivelong,curvedsetaeemanatefromthemediansclerite,which,inturn,articulateswiththelasttarsalsegment.Rowsofshorttricholdsensilladescendoverthedorsumofthelasttarsalsegment.(x180)

TOPLEFT.Threetarsalsegmentsofthehind(metathoracic)foot.Theplanta(seenhereastheuppersurface,whichisthebestorientationfortheviewer),coveredwithshorthairs,contactsthesubstratum.(x110)

TOPRIGHT.Lateralviewofthepretarsusandlast(fifth)tarsalsegmentshowingthecontractednatureofthearoliumandtheuprightorientationofthemedialsclerite.Thefivetrichoidsensillaarisefromthemedialscleriteatdifferentlevels.(x143)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

Lateralviewofthedronegaster(abdomen)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEPETIOLE,DORSALVIEW

TOP.Slightlycurvedanteriormarginofthepropodeum,atthetopofthefield.Themembranousconnectiveofthe(dorsal)petioleisinthecenter.(x100)

MIDDLELEFT.Close-upofthedorsalmembranousregioninthetopmicrograph,withtheconnectivecut.Longitudinalwrinklesandcopiousscalesareprominentinthisregion.(x168)

MIDDLERIGHT.Apodemeforwingmuscleattachment,immediatelyanteriortothepetiole.(x234)

BOTTOM.Highermagnificationofthecuticularscalesofthedorsalmembranouswallofthepetiole.Fivetosevenspinesofseverallengthsprojectfromeachscale.(x3,230)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEPETIOLE,ABDOMENDETACHED

TOPLEFT.Cross-sectionalcutthroughthemembranouspetiole.Thelongitudinallyseamed,scalymembrane(at12o'clock)andthethoraciccavityimmediatelybeneathareexposed.Twosizablemuscleswithsheaths(at3and9o'clock)arevisible;theseassistinelevatingtheabdomen.(x50)

TOPRIGHT.Reverseviewofthetopleftmicrographshowingthecrosssectionedanteriorendoftheabdomen(gaster).Thearrowpointstothehairplatethatisfurthermagnifiedinthemiddlerightmicrograph.(x50)

MIDDLERIGHT.Dorsolateralhairplateofthepetiole(arrowintoprightmicrograph).Thesemechanoreceptorsmonitorthegravitationalpullofthegasterontothethoraxviathepetiole.Thesocketed,unbranchedhairsaremechanosensors.(x300)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Highermagnificationofthesetaeofthehairplate.(X1,000)

BOTTOMLEFT.Longitudinalsectionthroughacuticularspurinthepetiolarregion.Thelaminatedappearanceoftheexocuticleisapparent.(x8,640)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEPETIOLARHAIRPLATE,OBLIQUEVIEW

BOTTOM.Petiole,thejunctionbetweenthefirstandsecondabdominalsegments.Thisjointensuresgreatflexibilityoftheabdomenrelativetothethorax.Monitoringthismovementandprovidingthebeewithinformationonthealignmentofthethoraxtotheabdomenrelativetogravityareseveral(mechanoreceptor)hairplatesthatareexternallyplacedproprioceptors.Onesuchhairplateisvisible;thesetae(sensilla)probablymakecontactwiththedorsalwallofthepetioleofthefirstabdominalsegment.Theblackandwhitediagonalbarindicatesthealignmentofbodysegments(theheadistotheupperleft).(x85)

TOP.Highermagnificationofthecontactzonebetweenthehairplatereceptorsandthedorsalpetiole.Thesefourdozensensoryhairsarearrayedinvariousdirections,soseveralofthemcontactthepetiolarprotuberanceatanyonetimeatanydegreeofflexion,whichensuresaconstantmonitoringofabdominalposition.(x430)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONESPIRACLES

TOP.Photomontageshowingprimarilythefirst(propodeal)andsecondsegmentsoftheabdomen(dorsumatthetop).Spiraclesarevisible(arrows)onthesetwosegments.Thewingshavebeenremoved.(x31)

MIDDLELEFT.Spiracleonthefirstabdominalsegmentatmoderatemagnification.Thisspiracleissomewhatlargerthantheothers,anditselongate-ovalrimdiffersfromthemoreroundedappearanceofthesucceedingspiracles.(x63)

BOTTOMLEFT.Close-upofthefirstabdominalspiracle.Theoperculum(plate)coveringthisspiraclehasbeendamagedinspecimenpreparation;intheintactbeethisplatecanbepulleddownbyanocclusormuscle,muchlikeawindowshade,thusshuttingoffthisspiraclefromtheoutside.Theoperculumisnevercompletelyopenanditsexcursionisnotlarge,sothissituationpermitsonlyaminimalaperture.(x170)

MIDDLERIGHT.Twospiracles,oneeachonthesecond(left)andthird(right)abdominaltergites.Themorecircularnatureoftheseopeningsisevident.Thesespiraclesarenoticeablylargerthanthoseoftheworkerandqueen.(x31)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Highermagnificationofthethirdabdominalspiracle.Thecirculardepressioninthecuticleleadstoanovalpit(lowerright)thatconnectsdirectlytotheunderlyingtracheaviaavalvemechanismcapableofoccludingthespiracleatriumfromthetrachea.Thebranchedhairsandvalvularapparatusmaybebarriersthatkeepmitesfromenteringthetracheathroughthisspiracle.(x250)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONESPIRACLES,CLOSE-UP

TOP.Surveyofaportionofthesecondandthirdabdominaltergitesshowingthespiracleonthethird.Theposteriormarginofthesecondabdominaltergite,whichissparselycoveredwithbranchedbodyhairs,isvisibleontheleft.Ontheanteriormarginofthethirdtergitearefewsetae,buttheteardrop-shapedspiracularopeningissurroundedbysocketedhairsonitsdorsal,ventral,andposteriormargins.(x175)

BOTTOMLEFT.Close-upofthespiracularopening.Insidethespiracleisthecuticularatrialwall,whichbulgesoutsomewhatandiscoveredwithveryshorthairs.Atmosphericairpassesoverthesefinersetaeandgainsentrancetothetracheadirectlybehindtheatriumviaasmallchannel.Thiscanalcanbeopenedwhenthemusclesofitsvalverelax.(x400)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Highermagnificationofthesmall,unsocketedhairsofthemedialwallofthespiracularatrium.Thefunctionofthesehairsmaybetoremoveparticulatematterfromtheairstream.(x800)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEABDOMEN,DORSALSURFACE

TOP.Photomontageofthedorsalportionoftheleftabdomen.Abouthalfofthesecond,third,andfourthabdominaltergitesarevisibleintheirtotallateralexpanse.(x40)

BOTTOMLEFT.Highermagnificationofasectorofthelateralsurfaceofanabdominaltergiteshowingthefurrowlikecuticularrelief.Sparse,unbranched,socketedhairsarevisible.Thepores(at4and10o'clock)areprobablyorificesthroughwhichhairsonceprojected.(x775)

BOTTOMMIDDLE.Highlymagnifiedareaofabdominaltergiteshowingbothsocketedsmoothsetaeandabranchedbodyhair.Aporeisvisible(arrow).(x1,400)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Highermagnificationofacuticularporeonanabdominaltergite(arrowinbottommiddlemicrograph).Thisorificehasfoundedlipsandnocuticularlid.(x14,000

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEGENITALORIFICE

TOPLEFT.Terminalsegmentsoftheabdomen,frontalview.Two(paired)penisvalvesclaspthephallotreme,inwhichthepenisisbarelyvisibleinitsinvertedposition.Lateraltoeachofthepenisvalvesisa"bewhiskered"paramere.Dorsalandventraltothepenisvalvesaresectorsofintersegmentalmembrane.Withinthedorsalintersegmentalmembrane(left),justabovetheleftparamere,isthegreatlyreducedninthtergite.Thesclerotized"roof"fortheseorgansiscalledtheeighthtergite;immediatelybelowtheapexofthatroofisablackcrescent,theanus.Justbelowtheanusisaplatelikeareacalledtheproctiger.TheeighthsterniteformstheventralV-shapedenclosurefortheseterminalia.(x40)

TOPRIGHT.Cuticularsculpturingoftheintersegmentalmembranesurroundingtheparamere-penisvalvecomplex.(x484)

BOTTOM.Highermagnificationoftheleftparamereinthetopleftmicrographshowingkindsofsetaethatariseontheparameralplateandlieovertheleftpenisvalve.Ninesetaealsoarisefromthelateralportionoftheparamere.Immediatelyaboveandtotheleftoftheparamereistheverysmallninthtergite.Theeighthtergiteandsterniteformtheupperandlowerdiagonalscleritemarginsrespectively.(x168)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEGENITALORIFICE,INTERIORVIEW

BOTTOMRIGHT.Frontalviewoftheterminalsegmentsoftheabdomen.Becauseofcollapseofthelastsegments,theproctigerandanusarehiddenundertheeighthtergite,whosearchedposteriormarginisvisibleatthetopofthefield.Thearrowpointstothephallotreme,whichisfurthermagnifiedinthebottomleftmicrograph.(x75)

BOTTOMLEFT.Phallotreme,theexternalopeningofadeependophallicpouch(arrowinbottomrightmicrograph).(x510)

TOP.Cuticularscalesonthedorsalaspectofthelast(seventh)tergite.Eachscalehasfourtosixspinelikeprocessesinessentiallytwosizeclasses.(x1,085)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

DRONEGENITALIA

TOPLEFT.Vestibulum(bottomofthefield).Oneithersideofthevestibulumarethelateralhornsorcornuti(arrows).Theprincipalfeatureisthecervixofthetubelikepenis.Chevronlikescleritescovertheventralwallofthecervix.(x31)

MIDDLELEFT.Baseofthegenitalia,locatedimmediatelybelowthefieldinthetopleftmicrograph.Theventralplateofthevestibulumofthepenisiscoveredwithflexuoussetae.Onbothsidesofthevestibulumarethecornuti(externalgenitallobes).(x31)

BOTTOM.Tuftsofspiculesonthemedialwallofthecervixofthepenis.(x441)

TOPRIGHT.Highermagnificationofthewallsurfaceofthemalegenitalduct.(x300)

MIDDLERIGHT.Surfaceofthehorn(cornutus).Thedorsalandlateralsurfacesarepapillatewhiletheventralsurfaceisrelativelysmoothwithlongitudinalfolds.(x100)

 

雄蜂的形态显微图(下)

SPERM

TOPLEFT.Floorofthecervixofthepenis.Profusesmallspines(spicules)linethisintima.Severalslenderspermarebarelyvisiblelyingatopthespicules.(x241)

BOTTOMLEFT.Massed,intertwinedspermatozoa.(x3,900)

TOPRIGHT.Oneentiresperm.(x700)

UPPERMIDDLERIGHT.Onespermhead.Thesmallnodulesoftheheadareprobablyamanifestationoftheacrosome.(x16,000)湖北天马养蜂场,加我们的微信一起学养蜂。

LOWERMIDDLERIGHT.Head(right)andtail(left)ofasperm.(x3,000)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Highermagnificationofthespermtail.Thelineargroovesmayrelatetotheinterspacesbetweenadjacentperipheralmicrotubulesingletsintheaxonemeofthetail.(x10,000)