本文讲述了工蜂的形态，通过显微镜从各个角度进行拍摄讲解，每张图片为一个角度，图片下面有相应的解说。
WORKERHEAD(FRONTALVIEW)
WORKEREYES
TOP.Threeocelli(twolateralandonemedial)onthedorsalportionoftheheadbetweenthetwocompoundeyes.Branchedbodyhairsareabundantaroundthesethreephotoreceptororgans.Eachofthebiconvexlensesrefractslighttoabout800well-packedphotoreceptorcells.Aslightmonitors,theseorgansmayregulatethestartandfinishofforagingactivityaswellasvisuallymeasurehorizonversusgroundtoassistinmaintaininglevelflight.(x167)
BOTTOM.Compoundeyewithitsthousandsoffacets.Undereachfacetareninephotoreceptorcells,allofwhicharecolorreceptorsandsomeofwhicharecapableofanalyzingpolarizationpatternsintheskylight.Theconspicuous,long,interfacetalhairsaremechanoreceptorsthatinformtheworkerofflightspeedandwinddirection.(x270)
WORKERFACE
TOPRIGHTPhotomontageoffrontalviewoftheheadshowingtheelbowedcharacteroftheantennae.Thethreeocclliareseenatthevertex;totherightofthatclusteristhehairycompoundeye.Theanteriortentorialpitisnearthebottom(arrow)(x31)
MIDDLELEFTHighermagnificationoftheantenna]bases.Theantennalsocketandscleriteenclosethebulbousbaseoftheelongatedscape(firstsegment)oftheantenna.Thebasalsurfaceiscoveredwithrowsofshort(probablymechanoreceptor)hairs.Extendingforwardfromtheantennalbase,;isthebroadtriangularclypeus.Theanteriortentorialpitisvisible(arrow)(x50)
TOPLEFTClose-upofthescape-pedicellusjunction(theantennalelbow).Theshorthairsatthebaseofthepedicellusmaybeexternalproprioceptorsthatmonitorthevaryingangleofantennalflexionasdifferentgroupsofthesehairscontactandarebentagainsttheedgeofthescapeatgivendegreesofflexion.Johnston'sorgan(anauditoryorgan)islocatedwithinthepedicel.(x186)
BOTTOMLEFTAnteriortentorialpit.Thesecavitieslieintheepistomalsulcusandaredifficulttodiscernatlowmagnification(arrowsinupperrightandmiddleleftmicrographs).Thepitsareexternalmanifestationsoftheanteriorrootsofthecannulartentorium,theendoskeletonofthehead.(x409)
BOTTOMLEFTClose-upofthecorrugatedcuticularfloorandperipheryoftheanteriortentorialpit.(x1,650)
WORKERANTENNA
BOTTOMLEFT.Surveyofthemedialsurfaceoftheultimatesix(flagellar)segments.Evenatthislowmagnification,verybrightfoci(denotingclusteredporesensilla)areapparentoneachsegment.(x65)
BOTTOMMIDDLE.Highermagnificationofthesixthantennalsegment.thethreebrightfociareareasof'fargreatersecondaryelectroncapturebvthemicroscope,andeachbrightareadelimitsaporesensillum.Inaddition,numeroustrichoidsensillaarevisibleontherightandmanyplacoidsensillaareontheleft.(x702)
BOTTOMRIGHTAntenna,posteriorsurface.Robusttrichoidsensillaaresparselydistributedamongslendershorttrichoidsensilla.(x65)
TOPLEFTTerminalantennalsegment,dorsalview.Allsensillatypesknownfortheantennaarefoundhere.Fourporeorgansareeasilyvisible(thebright,circularspots)inthemidstofmanyplateandtrichoidseisilla(atleastthreetypesoftrichoidsensilla).Electronbeamdamagemayhavecausedthecurledorbenttrichoidsensilla.(x390)
TOPRIGHT.Terminalantennalsegment,ventralview.Onthissurfaceare'atleastthreemorphologicallydifferentformsoftrichoidsensilla.(x312)
WORKERMOUTHPARTS
TOPTangentialviewoftheventralaspectoftheheadshowingtherightandleftcompoundeyes.Mostprominentarethecrossedmandibles,whicharelaterallyarticulatedandlieimmediatelybeneaththeovalplatelikelabrum.Themandiblesappeartoembracetheproximalportionoftheglossaandsurroundinggaleae(ofmaxillae),whicharefoldedbackbeneaththehead.(x'03)
BOTTOM.Close-upofthesensillaandtheirdistributiononthelabrum,mandibles,andmaxillae.Thelateralarticulationoftheleftmandiblewiththeventralmarginofthegenaisvisible.Thesespatulatejawsaredrawnin(towardtheinsect)andout.(x85)
WORKERHEADLATERALVIEW
TOP.Leftprofileofthehead.Thecompoundeyeisinthetipperrightcorner.Therelativelyglabrousbladelikemaxillaextendsdiagonallyfromlowerlefttocenter.Behindthemakillaarethelabialpalpsandglossa.Thearrowindicatesanareafurthermagnifiedinthebottommicrograph.(x55)
BOTTOM.Highermagnificationoftheabductorapodemeandhingeofthemandibles,whichisonthedorsalmarginofthemandible(arrowintopmicrograph).Ontherightsideisthegena.Theposteriormarginofthegenaisjuxtaposedwiththemandible.Thisapodemeisseenexternallyasasmallcuticularcavityatthelateralmarginofthemandible.Thecranialabductormuscleinsertsintotheinternalcuticularinflectionformedbythisapodeme.Socketedproprioceptorhairsarevisibleonthebaseofthemandible.(x335)
WORKERMOUTHPARTS
TOPLEFT.Photomontageoftheglossa.Theglossaisextendedwhenfeedinghereitisextendingbetweenthependulousgaleae,theterminalsegmentoftheunderlyinglabialpalpsarenearlycoveredbythegaleae,andonlythetipsareexposed.Thearrowindicatestheareafurthermagnifiedinthetoprightmicrograph.(x34)
TOPRIGHT.Externalopeningofthemandibulargland(arrow)exposedwhenthemandiblesarewideopen.(x100)
MIDDLERIGHTHighermagnificationofthecuttingedgeoftherightmandible.Trichoidandbasiconicsensillaarepresentontheexteriorsurfaceofthemandibles;theseputativechemoreceptorsmaybegustatoryinnatureandassistintastingmaterialsthatarebeingmanipulatedandchewedbythemandibles. Thelongersocketedhairsmaybemechanoreceptorsthat,oncontactwiththeothermandible,provideproprioceptiveinformationaboutthedegreeofmandibularretraction.(x110)
WORKERGLOSSA
MIDDLE.Surveyoftheglossaprojectingoutwardfromthepartialclaspingofthetwomaxillarygalea.(x53)
TOPBilobedglossacoveredwithhairsthatarisefromaseriesofcuticularrings.Theintersegmentalmembraneintervenesbetween,andisoverlaidby,thehairs.(x680)
BOTTOMLEFT.Flabellum(tonguetip).Theterminus,attachedtotheglossabyasingleventralhinge,isspatulateandtippedwithbranchinghairs.(x600)
BOTTOMRIGHT.Close-upoftheflabellumshowingitsspoonlikegeometryandthehairfringearoundthe"spoon."Theprecisefunctionofthisstruc-tureisunknownalthoughitmayserveasafilterforthenectar,whichapparentlymustflowintothe"spoon"beforeitcanbeimbibedbythebee.(x650)
WORKERMOUTHPARTS,POSTERIORVIEW
LEFTPhotomontageoftheposteriorviewofthemouthparts.Theoccipitalforamen(topofthefieldisstilloccupiedbytheseveredtissuesthatpassfromheadtothorax.Flankingtheforamenaretwoposteriortentorialpits.Projectingdirectlyclownfromtheforamen,inthehollow(fossaoftheproboscis)behindthehead,arethelabiumandpairedmaxillae.Thetriangularpieceimmediatelybelowtheforamenisthepostmentum.Themaxillaegape,revealingthelong,hairyglossa,whichishalfclaspedbythelabialpalps.(ComparethismicrographwithPlate1.10,thequeenmouthparts.)Lastly,the"shoulders"behindandoneithersideofthelabium(prementum)arethemandibles.Thetoparrowindicatesanareathatisfurthermagnifiedinthetoprightmicrograph,thebottomarrowanareainthebottomrightmicrograph.Themiddlearrowpointstotheapicalpapillaofthemaxillarypalp,shownathighermagnificationinthecenterrightmicrograph.(x34)
TOPRIGHTHighermagnificationoftheprementum-mandiblesectorshowingthebranchedbodyhairsalongwiththreekindsoftrichoidsensilla(loparrowInleftmicrograph(x230)
MIDDLERIGHT.Apicalpapillaofthemaxillarypalp.Oneslendersensillaisseennearitstip(middle,arrowintheleftmicrograph).(x450)
BOTTOMRIGHTArrayofspine-tippedcuticularscales(bottomarrowinleftmicrographontheinteriorsurfaceofthemaxilla(galeae).Onthelateralmarginofthemaxilla,relativelylargesocketedhairs(sensillachaetica)ariseatregularintervals.Thesesensorsareknowntobemechanoreceptorsandchemoreceptors(thelatterforsugarandsalts).(x1,200)
WORKERMOUTHPARTS,ANTERIORVIEW
TOPSurveyofworkermouthparts(thecompoundeyeandvertexoftheheadarecroppedawayatthetop).Maxillaeandlabiumappearasatwotieredawning(maxillaeoverlabium)overtheglossa.Twomajorsegmentsofthemaxillaeareprominent.Ontherightisthestipeswithitsfringeofsetae.Theleftmostsegments,connectingwiththestipes,arethegaleaewiththeirbare-ringed(basal)andthensetae-fringedmargins.Apairoflabialpalpsflanksthedecumbent,elongateglossa.Whennotinusetheglossaisretracted,mergedwiththelabium,enclosedbythemaxillae,andthenfoldedbackatthehinges(arrows)ComparethismicrographwithPlate3.8,theretracteddronemouthparts.(x60)
BOTTOMRIGHTPosterior(central)sectorofthehead.Theprincipalfeatureistheduckbill-shapedpostmentumofthelabium.Thisscleritepointsrearwardtowardthecervix(notvisible).Abovethepostmentumandjoiningitistheprementumwithitsfewshortcuticularhairs.Thecuticular"cradle"intowhichthepostmentumfitsisthelorum.(x175)
BOTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationofthenear-contactzonebetweenlorum(ontheleft)andpostmentum(ontheright).Theinteresting,pebblegrainedinnersurfaceofthepostmentumisvisible.(x270)
WORKERMAXILLARYPALP
BOTTOM.Surveyoftheanteriolateralportionofthehead(upperarrowintopmicrograph,Plate2.10).Thethumblikecuticularappendageinthecenteristhemaxillarypalp,whichistotherightofthelabium.Behindthispalp(extremelowerright)istheinteriorsurfaceofthemandiblewithitsnumeroushairsprojectinginward.(x432)
TOPClose-upofahairplatecontainingabouttwodozenmechanoreceptorhairslocatedatthebaseofthemaxillarypalp.Thehairsatthecurvedmargin(upperright)arebentwheneverthepalpismovedmediallysothesemechanoreceptorscansignalitsmovementandpositionrelativetotheothermouthparts.(x2,520)
WORKERMAXILLAANDLABIUM
TOPLEFT.Twolabialpalps(eachpartlycoveredbythegaleaofcorrespondingsidemaxilla)oneachsideoftheveryhairyglossa.(x119)
TOPRIGHT.Four-segmentedlabialpalp.(x119)
BOTTOMRIGHT.Frontalviewofthelabialpalpshowingtheultimatesegmentwithnumeroussensilla.(x372)
BOTTOMLEFT.Close-upofanannulatedgaleawithitsrobustelongatetrichoidsensilla.Ontherightisthescalysurfaceofthelabialpalp.(x480)
WORKERORALCAVITY
BOTTOMBaseoftheextendedproboscis,posteriorview.Anglingoffandextendingtothelowerleftcorneristhestipes.Atcenteristheinteriorsurfaceoftheleftmandible.Totherightofcenteristherightmandible,whichisfurthermagnifiedinthecenterrightmicrograph.(x75)
MIDDLERIGHTInteriorsurfaceofthepartiallyclosedmandibles.Thearrowsindicateareasfurthermagnifiedinthetopandbottomleftmicrographs.(x3,200)
BOTTOMLEFT.Cuticularscalesintheoralcavity(lowerarrowincenterrightmicrograph).(x3,200)
TOPClose-upoftheinteriorsurfaceoftheoralcavity(upperarrowincenterrightmicrograph).(x3,200)
WORKERPOSTGENALAREA
BOTTOMVentralviewoftheoccipitalregionoftheheadcapsule.Aportionofthecervix(neck)(centertop)isflankedbytheposteriortentorialpits.The"Gothicarch"isformedbythetwopostgenalinflectionsthatsurroundthefossaoftheproboscis.AmembranousregionwithparallelfoldsJoinsthepostmentum(the"duckbill"atthebottomofthefield).(x108)
TOPCuticularspinesontheintersegmentalmembraneintheareaimmediatelybelowthetipofthepostmentum.(x4,320)
WORKERCERVIX,VENTRALVIEW
TOPPosterioventralviewofheadwherethemembranouscervix(neck)(coveredwithranksofshortspines)Joinsthehead.Oneithersideofthecervixaretheposteriortentorialpits.Theoccipitalforamen(wherethecervixjoinsthehead)isflankedbytwohairplates,eachconsistingof30short,trichoidsensilla(arrow)whicharebentwhentheheadturnslaterallytowardthecervix.Thesesensillaaregravityreceptors.Thepre-mentumextendsupward,pointingtothecervix.(x80)
TOPLEFTClose-upofthe30socketedhairs(knownmechanoreceptorsthatmakeuptheleftlateraloccipitalhairplate.Theseareadjacenttothecervix(arrowintoprightmicrograph).(x720)
BOTTOMPosteriorofthehead.Thehairplateislocatedintheventromedialregionofthehead(arrowintoprightmicrograph).Thesetrichoidsensillaareprobablygravityreceptors(andexternalproprioceptors)thatinformthecentralnervoussystemabouttheattitudeoftheheadand/ormouthpartsrelativetotherestofthebody.Signalingmaybeaccomplishedwhenthehairscontactandarebentbythepostmenturnorthecervicalsclerite.(x720)
WORKERCERVIXANDVENTRALPOSTOCCIPUT
MIDDLELEFT.Posteriorviewoftheheadshowingthecervix(neck).Oiltheleftisthelefttentorialpit.Intherighthalfofthefieldthecervicalmembraneconnectstheoccipitalforamenoftheheadtotheprescutumofthethorax.Theupperarrowpointstotheareafurthermagnifiedinthebottomrightmicrograph;thelowerarrowpointstotheareashowninthetopmicrograph.(x68)
BOTTOMLEFTClose-upofthelefttentorialpit.Thelarge"hole"istheexternalmanifestationofaninwardlydirectedposteriortentorialarm,animportantconstituentoftheendoskeleton,ortentorium.Thesmallcavityaboveleadstothecannulartentorialbridge;thesmalleronebelowisatubethatextendsventrallyinwardandterminatesattheoccipitalforamen.(x220)
BOTTOMRIGHTArrayofbodyhairsontheventralportionofthecervix.Thesemayengagethecervicalhairplateontheposteriorportionofthehead(upperarrowinmiddleleftmicrograph)tomonitorheadmovement(X980)
TOPTheventralcervicalhairplateontheprescutum(lowerarrowinmiddleleftmicrograph).Thesethreedozenorsosocketedhairsconstituteamajorexternalproprioceptororganthatmonitorsheadflexion.Specifically,thesemechanoreceptorsrecordthedegreeofventral(downward)projectionoftheheadasthelowerpartoftheheadtouchesthesehairsonthe"throat."(x875)
WORKERCERVIX,VENTRALVIEW,CLOSE-UP
TOPRIGHTVentralcervixwithanunidentifiedmassthatmaybeacongealedsecretion.(SeealsoPlate2.15,toprightmicrograph.)(x910)
BOTTOMVentralviewofthecervixwiththecongealedmassremovedTheareabeneaththemassisquiteunlikethesurfaceoftherestofthecervicalmembrane.Numerousunoriented,unsocketed,shorthairsarisefromnonsclerotizedcuticle.(x3,060)
TOPLEFT.Ventralviewshowingseveralranksofthesetriangularcuticularscales,fromeachofwhichissueaboutadozenhairsofvaryinglengths.(x1,320)
MIDDLELEFTClose-upofseveraltriangularscalesshowingthatthelongesthairsemanatefron-ithetriangularapex.Aslightfilm(probablyhoney)isvisibleatthebaseofsomeofthescales.(x2,750)
WORKERCERVIX,DORSALVIEW
BOTTOMDorsalcervix(neck).Theflexible,nonsclerotizedmembranousnatureofthecervix(neck)isevident.(Theneckhasbeenstretchedonthisspecimen.)Apairoflateralhairplates(oneperside)isvisible.Certainmechanoreceptorhairsineachplatearestimulatedwhenthe\-engagethebackofthehead(arrow)(x94)
TOPRIGHTLateralhairplate(theheadistothetop,thethoraxatthebottom).(x225)
TOPLEFTHead,posteriorview.Thevaultedareaintheupperregionofthisfieldisthebackofthehead,thebasalportionthethorax.Sensoryhairssituatedonthecurvedplateengagethebackofthehead,(x240)
MIDDLELEFT.Surfacereliefofthecervicalmembrane,dorsalview.Therowsofsmallroundedtubercleshavesmall,discreteprojectionsarisingfromthem.(x1,000)
WORKERWINGS
RIGHT.Photomontageofworkerwings,asurveyofmostofthemetathoracic(hind)wingcoveringasizablefractionofthemesothoracic(fore-)wing.Mostofthewingsclerites(platesatthewingbase)areshroudedwithhairs.(x27)
TOPLEFT.Wingbaseswithwingsfoldedbackovertheabdomen.Thehairy,roughlyrectangularpleurite(at10o'clock)isthesupraepimeron;immediatelybelowitistheintraepimeron.(x55)
MIDDLELEFT.Pitmarkingtheapodemeonthepleuralsulcusbetweentheintraepimeronandepisternum.(x240)
BOTTOMLEFT.Dorsolateralviewofwingscleriteswithwingsextended(theheadistotheleft).Theposteriornotalwingprocessisprominent(at8oclock)withtheradius(wingvein)approachingthesideoftheprocess.Withtheirwings"disengaged"andfoldedbackoverthebody,beesareabletovibratetheirwingmusclestoproduceheatandalsosounds,suchasthosecreatedwhiledancing.(x50)
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TOPLeadingedgeanduppersurfaceoftheforewing.Thecostalribsarecoveredwithshortandrnedium-lengthhairs.Hairsarisingfromribsmaybeinnervatedbecausethehollowribcanacconuriodatcnervesandheiriolymph.(x170)
BOTTOMLeadingedgeanduppersurfaceofthehindwingshowingthebankofhooksthatconnectswiththecurledposteriormarginoftheforewing.Thehind-winghooksoftheworkeraresomewhatsmallerandmoreangulatedthanthoseofthedrone.Rowsofmicrotrichiastudthesurfaceofthehindwing.(x318)