ExocrineGlands,andPheromonesandOtherSecretions,intheAdultandLarvalHoneybeeApismellifera(Worker,QueenandDrone)
Gland | Secretion | W | Q | D |
| Adult,inthehead |
| hypopharyngeal(2) | broodfood(includingroyaljelly),seetext | w | - | - |
| invertase,glucoseoxidase,andotherenzymes | w | - | - |
| salivaryglandsofhead(postcerebral)(2) | fattysubstance | w | q | (d) |
| enzymes | w | 1 | 1 |
| mandibular(2) | worker |
lipoidcomponentoflarvalfood,includes10-HDA | w | 1 | 1 |
alarmoralertingpheromone,alertingotherW:2-hepatanone | w | 1 | 1 |
| enzymes | w | 1 | 1 |
| queen |
| 20ormorepheromones,oneofmoreofwhich: | | -InhlbitsWovarydevelopment | | -stimulatesWtoreleaseNasonovpheromone | | -stimulatesWtoforage | | -regulatesWcoherenceinaswarmandattractsWtoit | -(9-HDA)weaklyinhibitsqueen-cupconstruction | | -(9-ODA)attractsDtoQ | | -(pre-copulation)enablesWrecognitionofQ | | -(HOB+9-ODA+2isomersof9-HDA+HVA)inducesretinuebehaviourinW(seetext) |
| 1 | q | 1 |
| drone |
pheromoneattractingDtoD;markscongregationsite | 1 | 1 | d |
| mandibularorpostcerebral | ?usedinmasticatingwaxscalesandbuildingcombs | w | 1 | 1 |
| postgenal(2) | ? | w | (q) | ? |
| sublingual | ? | (w) | ? | d |
| Adult,inthethorax |
| salivaryglandsofthorax(2),derivedfromsilkglandsoflarva | saliva | w | q | d |
| alsoenzymes | w | ? | ? |
Adult,inthelegs |
| tarsal(?Arnhart) | worker |
pheromone(atleast11compounds),attractingotherWtoforagesourceortothenest | w | 1 | 1 |
queen |
tarsalorfootprintpheromone(atleast12compounds);with9-HDAfrommandibularglands,inhibitsqueen-cupconstruction | 1 | q | 1 |
drone |
| pheromone(atleastlcompound) | 1 | 1 | d |
Adult,intheabdomen |
| wax(4×2) | beeswax | w | - | - |
| Nasonov(scent) | | NasonovpheromoneattractingotherW,includesterpenoids: | | -(Z)-citral | -(E)-citral | -nerol | | -geraniol | -geranicacid | -nerolicacid | | -(E,E)-farnesol |
| w | - | - |
| abdominaltergites(A3,A4,A5) | pheromonesenablingrecognitionofQbyW,stabilizing'retinue',inhibitingovarydevelopmentinW;attractsDtoQ(pre-copulation) | - | q | - |
| rectal(6) | catalase | w | ? | ? |
| spermathecal | polysaccharidesecretioncontainingproteins | - | q | - |
| mucus(2) | mucus | - | - | d |
| (male)accessory | peptide | - | - | d |
| instingapparatus: |
| venom | beevenom | w | q | - |
| Dufour's | ?waxycoveringofegg | ? | q | - |
| Kozhevnikov(2) | pheromonesenablingrecognitionofQbyWandattractingWtoQ | - | q | - |
| stingsheath(2) | severalpheromones | ? | q | - |
| 'stinggland' | | alarmoralertingpheromones: | 6acetates,mainlyisopentyl,also(Z)-11-eicosen-1-oland5othercompounds |
| w | - | - |
| alkaline | ?lubricantforsting | ? | q | - |
| stingshaft | waxyesters,?lubricant | ? | q | - |
| Larvaeandpupae |
| silk(2),inlarva | silkspunintococoon | w | q | d |
| ? | broodpheromone(s): |
| (a)incubationpheromonefrompupae,enablesbroodrecognitionandclusteringonitbyW:glyceryl-l,2-dioleate-3-palmitate | (w) | q | d |
| (b)inhibitsqueenrearing | - | q | - |
| (c)inhibitsovarydevelopmentinW | - | q | - |
| (d)stimulatesforaging,especiallyforpollen | ? | ? | ? |
| inyoungdiploiddronelarvae | cannibalismpheromone | - | - | d |
Inaddition.volatilesfromemptycombaresometimesreferredtoashoardingorcombpheromones,althoughtheyarenotestablishedashoney-beesecretions.
Column1:(2)indicatespairedglands
Column2:9-HDA=9-hydroxy-2-decenoicacid10-HDA=l0-hydroxy-2-decenoicacid9-ODA=(E)-9-oxo-2-decenoicacidHOB=methylP-hydroxybenzoateHVA=4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanoldiacetateW=worker,Q=queen,D=drone
Columns3-5:w,q,d,indicatesthatsecretionoccursatsomestageinthebee'slife;()onlyslightsecretion,orglandatrophied;orglandatrophiedi－glandorsecretionabsent.湖北天马养蜂场，加我们的微信一起学养蜂。
引自《BEESANDBEEKEEPING》EVACRANE,1990,55～57