工蜂的形态显微图(下)

湖北天马养蜂场2011-08-01 13:51:31蜜蜂外部形态8988

本文介绍了工蜂的形态图,通过显微镜对工蜂各个角度进行了拍摄研究,每个图片就是一个拍摄方位,图片下面有相应的说明。

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERWINGSURFACE,VENTRALVIEW

TOPLEFTVentralwingsurfaceinthemidwingareashowingthecompleterankof21hooksengagingtheposteriormarginalfoldoftheforewing.Setaldistributionpatternsareevident,andafewsetaearisefromthewingveins.(x70)

BOTTOMVentralsurfaceoftheforewings(upperandhindwings(lower)hookedasinflight.Theforewingposteriormarginfoldorcurlisespeciallydistinct(x170)

TOPRIGHT.Setaefromtheventralsurfaceoftheforewing.Inthisandthemiddlerightmicrograph,thewingsurfaceisslightlywrinkled,whichmaybedueinparttodryingafterdeath.(x330)

MIDDLERIGHTHighermagnificationoftheinterveinsetaefromtheventralsurfaceofthehindwing.(x330)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERWINGHOOKS

TOPLEFT.Surveyofaposteriorsectionoftheforewing(foreground)inproximitytothecorrespondinganteriormargin(radiusandmediaveins)ofthehindwingwiththehooks(hamuli)thatconnectbothwingsinflight.Microtrichiaandsmallpegorganscovertheanteriormarginsoftheworkerhindwing(whileonlymicrotrichiaarenotedinqueens;seePlate1.23)andontheopposingportionoftheforewing.(x77)

MIDDLELEFT.Highermagnificationofthehindwinghookswithnearbyshortpegorgans.Hooksarisefromasocket;eachhookisbenttwice,atthemidpointandatthetip.(x600)

TOPRIGHT.Close-upofthreepegorgans.Eachsockethasalimitedamountoffreespacethatmightpermitsomemovementofthepeg.(x5,400)

BOTTOM.Hind-winghookarticulatingwiththethickenedposteriormarginoftheforewing.Thusconnected,thetwowingsfunctionessentiallyasone,whichprovidesalargerglidingsurface.Theforewingisdrivenwhilethehindwingpassivelytrailsinflight.Thewingbeatfrequencyisapproximately235to250persecond.(x2,660)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERFORELEG

MIDDLELEFT.Photomontageoftheentireleg.Thedeeplynotchedantennacleanerisattheproximalendofthebasitarsus.Astressreceptor(thesubgenualorgan)ontheinteriorofthetibiadetectssubstratevibration(sound).Thearrowindicatesanareafurthermagnifiedinthetoprightmicrograph.(x31)

TOPLEFTArticulationbetweentibiaandfemurThewrinkled,flexibleintersegmentalmembranehassmallcuticularspines.(x200)

BOTTOMHighermagnificationofthetibia-basitarsusantennacleaner(comb).Thedeepnotchisontheproximalendofthebasitarsus,overwhichliesthefibula,athumblikespurthatextendsfromthedistalportionofthetibia.Theantennaisplacedinthenotchanddrawnpastthefinecombandfibula.Allcasteshaveanantennacleaner.(x144)

TOPRIGHTFivetarsalsegments(arrowincenterleftmicrograph).Eachofthefourmostproximaltarsomeresisconnectedviamonocondylicarticulations.Theirconcertedmovementiseffectedbytheshorteningofatendonthattraversestheentirelengthofthesesegments.(x105)

MIDDLERIGHTClawsandthefleshylobe(arolium)lyingbetweentheclaws.Eachclawhastwoprincipalpoints,oneshortandratherrounded,theotherelongateandsharper.Severallongandslenderhairsareoneachclaw.(x180)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERANTENNACLEANER

TOPLEFTTibia-basitarsusjoint.Thetangentialviewofthebulbousfibula(bilobedspur)fromthetibiapositionedovertheantennacleanernotchonthebasitarsusisparticularlyusefulbecauseitgivesanotherdimensiontothevitalgroomingapparatus(previously,thefibulawasdescribedasalarge,flattenedspur).(x140)

TOPRIGHTTibia-basitarsusjointinprofile.Theextentofoverlapbe-tweenthefibulaandthesemicircularnotchonthebasitarsusshowsthattheantennawouldbealmostcompletelysurroundedbytheantennacleanerwhenthebasitarsusisfullyflexed.(x86)

BOTTOMLEFT."Fan"oftheseventyspinelikehairsofthetarsalcomb.Thesehairsareresponsibleforcleaningtheoutersurfaceoftheantenna.(x260)

BOTTOMRIGHTTarsalhairs.Thepectinatequalityofthetarsalhairsisevidenthere.Ridgesorcorrugationsonthemedialexpanseofeachhair,atrightanglestothelongaxisofthehair,giveadditionalcleaningcapacityandtractiontotheantennacleaner.(x1,560)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERFOOT

BOTTOMLEFTLasttarsomereandpretarsus.Clawsareoneithersideofthewrinkledarolium.Abovethearoliumistheheavilybristledplanta;abovetheplantaistheunguitractor,whichiswithoutsetabuthasrowsoflow-lyingcuticularscales.Thisstructuremayfunctionliketheheelofahand,providinganOpposingsurfacefortheclaw.(x1,50)

BOTTOMRIGHTFrontalviewofthemedialsurfaceofthefoot.Thebilobedcharacteroftheunguitractorisbetterseeninthisview,aswellasthedeeppitorfossa(arrow)atthebaseofthesubordinateclaw.(x210)

TOPHighermagnificationoftheplantaandunguitractor.(x540)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERMIDDLELEG

TOPRIGHTLateralviewofthemesothoracic(middle)lea.Thefemuristotherightofthetibia,whichbears[liebasitarsus.Aprominenttibialspineispresentatthetibia-basitarsusJoint.(x40)

BOTTOMRIGHTClose-upofthetibia-basitarsusjointofthemiddleleg,thetibialspine,andtheso-called(butinappropriatelynamed)waxspur(seePlate2.38).Thesetalcharacterchangesabruptlyfromtibiatobasi--tarsus.(x78)

BOTTOMLEFTFemur-tibiaarticulation,lateralview.(x93)

TOPLEFT.Medialviewofthefemur-tibiajointshowingtheflexible,nonsclerotized,intersegmentalmembraneconnectingthetwolimbs.Manysmallsetaestudthismembrane.(x182)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERHINDLEG

BOTTOMRIGHT.Photomontageofthehind(metathoracic)leg,lateralview.Theascendingfemur(ontheright)articulateswiththedescendingtibia,thebaseofwhichisthebasitarsus.Thepollenbasketiscomprisedofthecurvedhairssurroundingtheglabrouscentralareaofthetibia.(x31)

TOPRIGHTMedialsurfaceofthelegshowingthefemur(right)andtibia(x31)

TOPLEFT.Highermagnificationofthefemur-tibiajoint(the"knee")anditsconnectiveorintersegmentalmembrane(seethetoprightmicrograph).(x150)

MIDDLELEFTArticulationbetweenthetibiaandbasitarsusshowingthepollenpress.Therakelikegroupofhairs(rastellum)projectsdownwardfromthelobecalledtheauricle.Thearrowindicatesanareafurthermagnifiedinthebottomleftmicrograph.(x95)

BOTTOMLEFT.Highermagnificationofthehairslocatedattheproximalapexofthebasitarsus(arrowinmiddleleftmicrograph).Thesemaybemechanoreceptors(externalproprioceptors);ifso,whentherastellumcontactsthebasitarsusthenervesinthesehairswouldinformthecentralnervoussystemoftheattitudeofthebasitarsusrelativetothatofthetibiaandwhetheranypollenwasbeingpressed(collapsedpollengrainsarevisibleatthebaseofthehairs).(x530)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERPOLLENBASKET

RIGHTPhotomontage(acontinuationfromPlate2.27)showing,fromtoptobottom,thelateralsurfaceofthetibia,thebasitarsus,andtheremainingtarsomeres.Thehairarrangementonthetibiaisthebasisofthepollenbasket.Theauricle(ridge)anditshairfringeattheJunctionofthetibiaandbasitarsusarehighlighted.(x42)

TOPLEFTHighermagnificationoftheauriclewithitsfringeofhairs.Loomingabovethesehairsistherankofspinesoftherastellum("littlerake").(x62)

MIDDLELEFTClose-upofaportion(Sixspines)oftherastellumsituatedatthejointbetweentibiaandbasitarsus(proximalview).(x186)

BOTTOMLEFT.Distaltibia.Finesetaeextendalongtheauricularridgeimmediatelyabovetherastellum.Polygonalscalesareevidentonthisridge.(x670)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERPOLLENPRESS

RIGHTPhotomontageofthemetathoracic(hind)leganditsmedialsurface.Fromtoptobottomarethetibia,basitarsus,andfourshorttarsalsegments.Betweenthetibiaandbasitarsusistheflattened,notchedpollenpress.Theranksofhairsactascombsforgroomingandpollengathering.Whenthebasitarsalcombsareloadedtocapacitywithpollen,therastellum(rake)isusedtounloadthecombbyscrapingitintothepresswherethepolleniscompressedandtransferredtothetibialbasketsontheoutsidesurfaceabovethepollenpress.Hence,pollengroomedfromtherightsideofthebodyiscombedfromtheinnersurfacesofthemiddleandforelegsbythelefthindleg,fromwhichitisremovedbytherightrastelhunfordepositioninthepollenbasketofthesameleg.Theoppositesequenceisusedfortheleftside.(x47)

MIDDLELEFTMediolateralview,ofthepollenpress.Thefloorofthepressisedgedwithfinehairs,anditssurfaceiscoveredwithdenticlelikecuticularspinesorscales.Long,curvedhairsfromthetibiabenddownandlieoverthepressandapicketofshorter,stiffspines(rastellum)linesthedorsomedialmarginofthepress.Smallmechanoreceptorhairsarevisibleattheleadingedgeofthespatulatehairs(upperleft).(x100)

TOPLEFTHairsonthemedialsurfaceofthetibia.Theflattened-tipspatulatecharacterofthesehairscontrastsmarkedlywiththebasitarsalhairs,whichhaveserratededgesandafairlysharptip.Thespecializedhairsofthetibiamayhaveanimportantfunctionintheprocessofgatheringandpackingpollen(seePlate2.31).(x560)

BOTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationofthesharpcuticularspines(spicules)thatlinethefloorofthepollenpressandthefinerhairsthatformafringearoundthepress.(x400)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERHINDTIBIA,MEDIALSURFACE

TOPLEFT.Low-magnificationviewofthespatulatehairsontheinsideofthetibia.(x560)

TOPRIGHT.Highermagnificationoftibialhairs.Theflutedandcurvaceouscharacterofthetibialhairsisevident.(x1,705)

BOTTOMLEFT.Highermagnificationoftibialhairsshowingtheirbroad,flattenedtips.(x1,800)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Overviewoftibialhairsonthehindleg.Theseparticularhairspossessageometrythatseemsidealforholdingorcradlingsmallobjectssuchasthepollengrainvisiblehere.Theflutedsidesofthehairaddsurfaceareatoenableabettergriponapollengrain.Thebroadtipmaybeusefulincombingpollenfromwingsurfaces.(x750)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERABDOMEN

Lateralviewoftheworkergaster(abdomen).

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERABDOMINALSPIRACLE

TOPRIGHTSpiracularaperture(arrow),visibledirectlybelowtheoriginofthehindwingposteriormargin.Therathertriangularlateralpleuritetotheleftofthespiracleisthesupraepisternumofthemetathorax.(x43)

TOPLEFTClose-upofthespiracularapertureandtheinnerlongitudinalridgethatispartoftheclosingvalve.Acuticularrimcirclesthis,thelargestofallworkerspiracles.(x350)

BOTTOMRIGHTSecondabdominalspiracle(arrow)Themesothoracicandthenmetathoraciccoxaearevisible(bottomleft).(x43)

BOTTOMLEFTSecondabdominalspiracleshowingitsoverallexternalshapeandcuticularrim.(x350)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERPETIOLE,DORSALVIEW

TOPSurveyofthedorsalviewofthepetiole.Attheverytopisthebroadposteriorexpanseofthepropodeum.Mostofthefigureisfilledwiththeanteriorfaceofthesecondabdominaltergum.Thepetiolepocketisvisiblehereasasmall,cuticular,semicircularwellthatconnectstoamembranouspetiole.(x153)

MIDDLEHighermagnificationoftheelevatedcupolalikeareaoverthepetiolepocket.Thesparseandregularorientationofthecuticulartuberclesinthismembranousareaisalsovisible.(x680)

BOTTOMRIGHTAnotherviewofthedorsalpetioleshowingtheposteriorlydirectedmembranethatextendsoverthepropodealcavity(x250)

BOTTOMLEFTLateralhairplateofthepetiole.Stimulationofthesemechanoreceptorhairsdeterminesthedegreeofgravitationaltorsionofthegaster(abdomen)ontothepetiole-thoraxarea.Aboutthreedozenlargehairsandabouttwentyveryshorthairsmakeupthishairplate.Itisnotknownifallofthesesocketedhairsareinnervated.(x435)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERPETIOLE,VENTRALVIEW

TOPTwohairplates,oneoneachsideofthepetiolarjoint.(x153)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Petiolarhairplate.Whenthesecondabdominalsternuminmoves,certainmechanosensoryhairsonthisplatearecontacted(andthusstimulated).Theseexternalproprioceptorsmonitorthemovementandpositionofthemajorpartoftheabdomenrelativetotheorientationofthethorax.(x208)

BOTTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationoftherightpetiolarhairplates.Aboutfiftymovable(inapreferreddirection)mechanosensoryhairsreportthegravitationalpulloftheabdomenonthethorax.(x420)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERA13DOMINALWALL

TOPPhotomontageofthefourthtergite(left)followedbythethreeterminaltergites(fifth,sixth,andseventh).Theseoverlieandcompletelyconcealthecorrespondingpleuralelementssothattherelatedsternites(bottom)apparentlymakecontactwiththetergites.Beneaththeanteriorpositionofsternitesfourtosevenarethewaxglands.Thespiraclesonthelasttwotergitesarebarelyvisible(arrows)(x31)

BOTTOMLEFTBranchedhairsfromthethirdabdominalsternite.Someofthesehairsareattachedtoglandcellswhosefunctioninworkersisunknown(seethediscussionofPlate1.41,bottomleftmicrograph).(x170)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Close-upofthecuticular11scale"andsetae(severalforms)fromtheabdominalsclerites.(x1,116)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERABDOMINALSPIRACLES

TOPLEFTPhotomontageoftheabdomenshowingthesecondandthirdabdominalspiracles(arrows).(x31)

TOPRIGHTHighermagnificationofthethirdabdominalspiracle.Cuticularhairs(twoarevisible)arenotalwayspresent.Nocuticularrimisevident.(x384)

BOTTOMLEFT.Highermagnificationoftheslitlikesecondabdominalspiracle.Notethelongitudinallydisposedvalveextendingparallelwiththeelongatesidesofthespiracle.Apatchofveryshortsetaeisvisibleontherightrimofthespiracle(x1,118)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Close-upofthesculptured(shingled)appearanceofthecuticleneartheabdominalspiracles.(x1,023)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERABDOMEN,VENTRALVIEW

TOPAbdominalsternites,ventralview.Theglabroussurfacesarethewax"mirrors,"orplates.Beneaththeseplatesarethewaxglands.Waxper-meatesthemirrorsandhardensintothevisiblewaxscalesfromwhichthehoneybeesconstructcomb.Therastellum(seePlate2.29),notthewaxspur,onthehindlegisusedtoremovethesescaleswhenfullyformed(rastellarmarksarevisibleonthemedialedgesofthescales).(x60)

BOTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationofthelowerleftquadrantofthetopmicrographshowingthemedialmarginofthewaxmirrorandtheadjacentwaxscale.(x136)

BOTTOMRIGHTFullyformedwaxscale.(x60)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERNASSANovGLAND

BOTTOMLEFT.Hairysixthandthepartlyhairlessseventhabdominaltergites.Theglandularareabehindtheridgeisnotexposed.Thisviewcomplementstheoneinthetopleftmicrograph,showingtheentireexpanseofthistergite.(x56)

TOPLEFT.Lateralviewofthelast(seventh)abdominaltergum(dorsalisleft).Thesmoothhairlessareaisdernarkedbythestrongsubmarginalinnerridge;abovethatisamarginofelevationonthetergum.Atthebaseofthistergum,betweenterga.sixandsevenisthescentglandofNassanov.(x65)

BOTTOMRIGHT.Poresintheseventhtergite,fromwhichissuestheorientation(aggregation)pheromoneproducedbytheNassanovgland.(x1,240)

MIDDLERIGHT.Highermagnificationoftheporesinthebottomrightmicrograph.(x10,000)

TOPRIGHT.Close-upofthebaseoftheseventhtergum,whichisoverlappedbythesixthtergite.(x484)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERSTING

BOTTOMRIGHTExposedstingapparatus,ventralview.Thebaseofthelancetsextendsupwardintotherightandleftcuticulararcs(eachmadeupofthefirstandsecondrami).Attheirbaseandextendinglaterallyanddownistheoblongplate.Onthelateralmarginoftheplateisthequadrateplate,ashieldlikevestigeoftheninthtergite.Thetwolobesofthestingsheathangletowardthedistallancets.(x45)

MIDDLE.Distaltipofthesting.Theserratedlancetisnexttotheprotrudingstylet.Notreadilyvisiblebutpresentarecampaniformsensillaassoclatedwitheachbarb(seealsoPlate1.43,queensting).(x540)

TOPPhotomontageofthesting,dorsalview.Visiblearethefirstandsecondramionthemedialandlateralsidesrespectivelyofthedoublearchedextensionofthetriangularplate.Thisproximalpartofthestingconnectsthelancetsandstylettothestingprotractormuscles.Ahairylobeembracesthebaseofthelancets;thisstructureisbelievedtobetheventralwallofabdominalsegmentnine.(x55)

BOTTOMLEFTHighermagnificationofabarbonalancet,aboutmidwaydowntheshaftofthelancet.(x3,600)

 

工蜂的形态显微图

WORKERSTING,RETRACTED

TOPRIGHTStingapparatus,ventralview.Pairedoblongplatesstraddlethelancets(exposedbydissection).Onthedorsomedialsurfaceofeachoblongplateisacleft(arrow).(x91)

TOPLEFT.Highermagnificationofthecleftinthetoprightmicrograph.Thebackgroundhairsarefromamembranethoughttobetheunsclerotizedremainsoftheventralwallofsegmentnine.(x868)

BOTTOMRIGHTHighermagnificationofthebaseofthelancetsinthetoprightmicrograph.Twoflangelikemedialpartsoftheoblongplatescoverpartofthelancetbase.Hairsofthelobeoftheninthsegmentarevisible(lowerright).(x650)

BOTTOMLEFT.Twolancetswithbarbededgesoverlyingthemoreextendedstylet.(x360)

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工蜂的形态显微图

工蜂